Strategic dynamics in hydrogen deployment : a game-theoretical review of competition, cooperation, and coopetition

Abstract

As hydrogen products emerge as a promising energy alternative in multiple sectors, low carbon hydrogen supply chains require concerted efforts among a diverse array of stakeholders. Within an evolving energy transition landscape, stakeholders' competition and cooperation play a critical role in expediting the deployment of the hydrogen economy. In this review, different strategies referred to as Hydrogen Competition, Cooperation, and Coopetition (H2CCC) dynamics are analyzed from the lenses of game theory. The study employs hybrid literature review methodology, integrating both bibliometric and structured review approaches. The study reveals that competition and cooperation represent a contrasting but interconnected dynamics that drive the energy transition. Coopetition models are less common. Furthermore, it is observed that Integrated Energy Systems are mainly used in cooperative and coopetitive approaches while H<inf>2</inf> technologies and Hydrogen Supply Chains are more explored in competitive approaches. Industrial and mobility sectors are present in H2CCC dynamics with technological players more present than institutional entities. Maps, definitions, gaps and perspectives are developed. These insights may be valuable for policymakers, industry stakeholders, modelers, and researchers. There remains a need for further empirical H2CCC case studies and applications of pure coopetitive games. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.