China and the U.S. in Southeast Asia : Competing Visions, Divergent Approaches

Abstract

This study examines U.S. and Chinese strategic communication in Southeast Asia during 2025, a year shaped by Donald Trump’s second presidential term. Focusing on Xi Jinping’s April 2025 visit and Trump’s October 2025 trip, the analysis compares how each leader’s messaging was formulated and received across the region. Drawing on official messages and Southeast Asian responses, the study finds that regional actors often perceived China’s communication as aligning with their development and connectivity priorities, while viewing the United States as an indispensable security and diplomatic partner. These perceptions illustrate how Southeast Asian states navigate the coexistence of China’s regional messaging and the U.S.’ continued strategic presence, informing their hedging and alignment strategies.